经济增长模型中的储蓄率内生化问题

本文讨论经济增长模型中储蓄率内生化的各种问题,包括有限寿命与无限寿命、确定寿命与不确定寿命、不确定寿命下的消费决策方法、不确定寿命下非预料死亡者的遗产如何处理、个人生命如何分期、个人如何预期未来收入等。强调了寿命假定与人口年龄结构的内在联系,提出了寿命不确定下个人消费决策的新方法,探讨了有关未来收入的趋势预期和水平预期,并分析了哪一种更接近实际。     

I am worth more than you think I am: Investigating the effects of upcycling on event attendees' recycling intention

The event industry generates a significant amount of solid waste and creates substantial adverse environmental and economic impacts. Promoting event attendees' recycling behaviors is critical for minimizing such negative impacts. This study examined effective ways to promote event attendees' intention to recycle by exploring three aspects in green messages: product transformation salience (PTS) levels (upcycling versus recycling), message framing (gain- versus loss-framing), and anthropomorphism (anthropomorphic versus non-anthropomorphic). The results indicated that upcycling (versus recycling) messages generated more positive reactions toward recycling among event attendees, especially when the messages were gain-framed. This joint effect between PTS levels and message framing varies by different anthropomorphism levels. The study also examined the underlying mechanism of the proposed effects and identified that perceived tangibility of the recycling benefit was a full mediator between green messages and attendees' attitude and intention toward recycling. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.     

Progress in Tourism Management: Is urban tourism a paradoxical research domain? Progress since 2011 and prospects for the future

This paper reviews progress in the field of urban tourism, revisiting and challenging the validity of the paradoxes presented in the paper by Ashworth and Page (2011). To do this, the paper examines the expansion of research endeavours in urban tourism in relation to these paradoxes, including the outputs in dedicated journals on city tourism along with the wider range of outputs generated since 2011 in social science. It also revisits the initial proposition set out regarding an imbalance in attention in urban tourism research (Ashworth 1989, 2003) and how this has been addressed through a broader development of thinking at the intersection of urbanism and tourism. It is a selective review of progress in the field, highlighting the challenges of deriving theory from western modes of analysis that need re-thinking in relation to the global south, notably Africa as well as developments in Asia and the Middle East.     

Experiencing culture in attractions,events and tour settings

This paper develops a measurement scale for cultural experiences across different contexts, including attractions, events and tours, in Hong Kong. Four dimensions of experience (cognitive, conative, affective and novelty) are identified through structural equation modelling. The scale is applied to compare visitor- and context-related influences on the experience and on subsequent behavioural intentions. We find that the conative dimension of experience elicits the highest experience scores from visitors, but affective experiences are more significant in distinguishing between different experience contexts and visitor groups. The strongest experiences were attributed to event contexts, followed by tours, and finally permanent attractions. The experience is also enhanced when various sites are combined by visitors to provide a ‘destination journey’.     

Does uncertain demand affect service quality?

The purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of demand uncertainty on labor intensity as well as service quality. Theoretical predictions are mixed: on the one hand, risk aversion leads hotels to choose a lower level of capital in response to demand uncertainty, thereby leading to higher labor intensity; on the other hand, the demand-enhancing benefit of service quality may be weakened due to demand uncertainty, thereby leading to a lower service quality decision. Using the data of international tourist hotels in Taiwan, this article shows that demand uncertainty leads to a positive impact on hotels’ labor intensity. In addition, hotels located in markets with a higher degree of concentration, having more diversified revenue sources, or belonging to hotel chains also tend to exhibit higher labor intensity.     

Building social capital in a divided city: the potential of events

Abstract

It is widely held that social capital can help build sustainable communities, yet researchers agree that further research is needed to fully understand the social dimensions of sustainable development. In event settings, understanding how social capital is formed remains limited. This paper addresses this issue by examining the extent to which the UK City of Culture 2013 (CoC13) succeeded in building social capital in post-conflict Derry/Londonderry. The authors adopted a case study approach and mixed qualitative methods in the form of in-depth interviews and focus groups. The findings suggest that CoC13 helped to generate both bonding and bridging social capital, however, while intra community bonds were strengthened, exclusivity was also fostered. More positive were the examples of bridging capital cultivated across communities, particularly between young attendees, and between event organisers, with cooperation building trust and goodwill between volunteers. Some of the cross community relationships developed have been sustained. However, the lack of legacy planning has meant that the long-term social goals have not been met. In summary, the study suggests that in a post conflict society, events can help build social capital. However, in the absence of legacy planning, the benefits gained may soon evaporate.     

Effects of uncertain lifetime and annuity insurance on capital accumulation and growth

Summary.  This paper studies the effects of uncertain lifetime on capital accumulation and growth and also the sensitivity of those effects to the existence of a perfect annuities market. The model is an overlapping generations model with uncertain lifetimes. The technology is convex and such that the marginal product of capital is bounded away from zero. A contribution of this paper is to show that the existence of accidental bequests may lead the economy to an equilibrium that exhibits asymptotic growth, which is impossible in an economy with a perfect annuities market or with certain lifetimes. This paper also shows that if individuals face a positive probability of surviving in every period, they may be willing to save at any age. This effect of uncertain lifetime on savings may also lead the economy to an equilibrium exhibiting asymptotic growth even if there exists a perfect annuities market. Received: April 17, 1996; revised version: December 9, 1997     

Normative and innovative sustainable resource management at birding festivals

The sustainable ancillary resource management (SARM) practices of US-based birding festivals are investigated. A questionnaire completed by organisers of 108 of 135 identified festivals (80%) revealed several normative SARM practices such as signage re-use and container recycling, and a large number of innovative practices undertaken by one or more festivals. Cluster analysis yielded roughly equal groups of 'non-innovators', 'normative recyclers', 'innovative energy conservers', 'innovative recyclers' and 'comprehensive innovators'. SARM innovators also tended to be ecotourism innovators, while innovation was also related to attendee numbers but not festival longevity or identification of festival with 'ecotourism'. No clear diffusion effects are evident. Follow-up surveys suggested positive relationships with cost, attendee satisfaction/demand, and sense of responsibility, but not revenue generation. A dedicated organisation and sponsored certification protocols are suggested to facilitate dissemination of innovative SARM practices, which were less prevalent than expected given the nature of such events.     

The Influence of Travel Motives on Visitor Happiness Attending a Wedding Expo

Events are an important motivator in travel and tourism, therefore contributing to related benefits at the tourism destination. This study presents the findings of a structural equation model used to investigate the factors that motivate visitors attending a Wedding Expo and how these travel motives influence their happiness. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to visitors attending the Wedding Expo in Johannesburg, South Africa. The data from 375 (N) eligible questionnaires was captured and analyzed using SPSS. From the study’s findings, managerial recommendations were made with the aim of maximising the happiness of visitors attending the Wedding Expo. The study found that satisfaction with life and happiness of visitors attending a Wedding Expo is enhanced more by the event’s attributes/attractiveness and enhancement of kinship/relationship than by the event’s novelty. The research contributes to the literature related to events management, happiness, and marketing management in tourism.     

往事并不如烟

2008年，改革开放三十周年。这是国家生命力从萎靡到迸发的三十年。这三十年，“发展才是硬道理”，是中国历史上最精彩的三十年!这三十年，济南市的城市发展也是翻天覆地，我们将随着一些图片寻找历史的足迹，一条路、一座桥、一个家庭、一个社区、一个广场、一个时代变迁……这个时代的济南，凝固在许许多多值得回味的瞬间。